TestosteroneTestosterone
Synthetic testosterone was synthesized in 1935 by German biochemist Adolf Butenandt and Swiss chemist Leopold Ruzicka, both of whom received the Nobel Prize for this work.
Testosterone is the main sex hormone in men, it directly affects the development of the testicles and prostate, has a great influence on the formation of muscle tissue, bone density and strength. In addition, testosterone is largely responsible for dozens of functions in the human body: general health, well-being, enhanced libido, energy, immunity, prevention of osteoporosis (loss of bone density) and possible protection against heart disease. Studies have shown that maintaining higher testosterone levels in older men improves many parameters that are thought to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, such as increased lean body mass, reduced visceral fat mass, lower total cholesterol and blood sugar control. It not only determines sex differences, but also, for example, regulates the number of thromboxane A2 receptors on megakaryocytes and platelets, thereby regulating platelet aggregation in humans. It is responsible for behavior, mood, romantic relationships and, reportedly, even influences the choice of its carriers. Research reports that attention, memory, and spatial ability are key cognitive functions in humans that are affected by testosterone. Preliminary evidence suggests that low testosterone levels may be a risk factor for cognitive decline and even Alzheimer's dementia, a key argument for using testosterone for anti-aging therapy in life extension medicine.
Testosterone is favored by athletes for its ability to promote large increases in muscle mass and strength. As a natural hormone, it remains the most popular anabolic steroid and is often used as the basis of all cycles and stacks.
In bodybuilding, testosterone is almost always used in the form of injectable esters or suspensions, as oral bioavailability is poor and high doses are impractical to administer transdermally or sublingually. All forms of testosterone in a broad sense are the same: active agent testosterone + ester, which determines the release time and duration of the compound's active life. In short: long esters release the active agent slowly into the bloodstream, but provide stable hormone levels for a long time (depending on the ester) without spikes.
It is worth noting that in men, about 5% of testosterone undergoes 5α-reduction to form the more potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), also known as androstanolone. On the other hand, about 0.3% of testosterone is converted to estradiol (the main female sex hormone) by aromatase expressed in the brain, liver and adipose tissue. Therefore, do not forget to take precautions to avoid corresponding side effects. For this purpose, we recommend blood tests and taking aromatase inhibitors during the cycle (preferably anastrozole, if necessary) and SERMs (clomiphene, toremifene) during post-cycle therapy (PCT).
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